三峡工程对武湖地区生态环境影响及其对策

以实地考察和水文资料分析结果为依据，阐述了三峡工程对武湖地区防洪，春旱时灌溉和航运带来的有利影响，及枯季１～５月排水所产生的不利影响。建议加强湖区水利建设，提高电排能力；将地面高程１８Ｍ以下耕地退田还湖，以提高湖泊调蓄功能。     

滇池汛期超限制水位调控的实践与研究

基于对滇池海口闸水资源管理多年的工作实践，深入分析了滇池存在的蓄泄矛盾，结合滇池实际情况，提出合理调控滇池汛限水位，探索可持续发展的水资源管理策略。     

Ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase (EROD) Activity in Dab (Limanda limanda) as Biomarker for Marine Monitoring (6 pp)

Goal, Scope and Background Ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase (EROD) is a well-accepted marker for biological effects in fish and is, therefore, part of numerous monitoring programmes. EROD activity was measured in livers of dab (Limanda limanda) from the German Bight (North Sea) from 1995 to 2003. The aim of the present long-term study was (a) time trend monitoring of EROD activity of dab from the German Bight and (b) to elucidate the needs for a successful application of EROD activity as an early warning system. Methods. EROD activities were determined fluorimetrically in dab liver microsomes, using resorufin as an external standard. The limit of detection (LD) and the limit of quantification (LQ) were calculated. Results were referred to protein concentrations. Results and Discussion. EROD activities of 610 female dab caught in different seasons between January 1995 and August 2003 were analyzed individually. Activities varied from 〈 LD to 1768 pmol/(min mg protein) and showed an annual cycle as well as significant differences between the years. Highest EROD activities were observed in early summer and lowest activities during the winter period. In autumn 2002, significantly elevated EROD activities were detected, possibly related to effects of the River Elbe flood event. Two scenarios with different EROD baseline data are presented to discuss the prerequisites for the use of EROD as a monitoring tool. The comparison of these scenarios underlines the importance of appropriate season-specific baseline data. Conclusion. The use of EROD as an early warning tool for contaminant effects in dab in the German Bight has different prospects during the year, because, due to the high background variability, elevated EROD activities are less easy to detect in spring/summer than during the remaining times of the year. Recommendation and Outlook. The availability of site-specific data on the EROD baseline level, its random variation and its annual cycle is a necessary prerequisite for monitoring. If monitoring is to be carried out only for a limited time period of the year, a season with low background variability in EROD activity (autumn) should be chosen to avoid the need for a compensation of the temperature-triggered shift in sexual cycles and the resulting changes in EROD activity.     

Shift of Spawning Season and Effects of Climate Warming on Developmental Stages of a Grayling (Salmonidae)

Abstract: River‐dwelling fish, such as European graylings (Thymallus thymallus), are susceptible to changes in climate because they can often not avoid suboptimal temperatures, especially during early developmental stages. We analyzed data collected in a 62‐year‐long (1948–2009) population monitoring program. Male and female graylings were sampled about three times/week during the yearly spawning season in order to follow the development of the population. The occurrence of females bearing ripe eggs was used to approximate the timing of each spawning season. In the last years of the study, spawning season was more than 3 weeks earlier than in the first years. This shift was linked to increasing water temperatures as recorded over the last 39 years with a temperature logger at the spawning site. In early spring water temperatures rose more slowly than in later spring. Thus, embryos and larvae were exposed to increasingly colder water at a stage that is critical for sex determination and pathogen resistance in other salmonids. In summer, however, fry were exposed to increasingly warmer temperatures. The changes in water temperatures that we found embryos, larvae, and fry were exposed to could be contributing to the decline in abundance that has occurred over the last 30–40 years.     

Internal and External Factors Influencing Time-Related Injury Risk in Continuous Shift Work

Time-related accident risk in shift work may be attributed to internal factors, such as fatigue, level of performance, sleep propensity, and to some external factors, like shift system, physical and social environment. Six hundred and sixty-eight events in the metallurgical industry have been analysed in terms of time of day, time on task, consecutive day of the shift block, day of the week, and season.

The injury rate was similar on all shifts but more severe accidents happened in the nighttime. Somewhat more injuries occurred in the second half of the shift, in the second part of a shift block, and in summer compared with winter. There were fewer injuries at weekends.     

地形和季节变化对有机氯农药分布特征的影响——以四川省成都经济区为例

在成都经济区典型地貌单元（平原区和丘陵区）采集春季和秋季样品，共计52件农作物样品和100件土壤样品，通过美国EPA8080A方法测试样品中有机氯农药含量，以研究不同地貌单元不同季节有机氯农药污染分布特征。结果表明：土壤中DDT含量高于HCH含量；平原区绵竹市土壤中有机氯农药含量高于丘陵区盐亭县土壤有机氯农药含量；在平原区的绵竹市，秋季采集的土壤中有机氯农药含量高于春季样品中有机氯农药含量；在丘陵区的盐亭县，春季采集的土壤有机氯农药含量高于秋季样品中含量。农作物中有机氯农药的检出率较高，各种作物浓度均未超标，但对人们健康具有潜在危害。油脂含量高的粮食作物中有机氯农药含量高于叶类蔬菜和果实类蔬菜中有机氯农药的含量。地貌类型、土壤有机质含量以及有机氯农药施用是造成两个地区春、秋季土壤含量特征不同的主要原因，而植物的吸收方式、OCP的物理化学性质是影响农作物中OCP含量不同的主要因素.     

春季禁渔对常熟江段渔业群落结构及物种多样性影响的初步研究

以2000~2004年4~6月渔业资源动态监测资料为依据，分析研究了3年春季禁渔(2002~2004)对常熟江段渔业资源群落结构及物种多样性的影响。研究结果表明：4~6月间常熟江段出现的鱼、虾、蟹类渔获物共有11目、18科、46种；春禁后，该江段总CPUE（单位捕捞努力渔获量）显著增加；优势种更替不明显，历年以刀鲚、鲻鱼、长春鳊等经济鱼类为主；刀鲚CPUE有所回升，资源衰退受到遏制；小型鱼类、幼鱼在渔获物中的比例明显上升； Margalef物种丰富度指数、Wilhm改进指数呈明显上升趋势，均匀度指数J′、优势度数Dw在窄幅范围波动。春禁对常熟江段渔业资源保护的生态效果较明显，春禁后渔业资源群落种间结构得到一定程度的改善，生物多样性上升。     

A practical approach to predict the duration of the growing season for European lakes

This work presents the first practically useful models to estimate the duration of the growing season (GS in days) for European lakes. GS is a fundamental parameter in limnology, where it is used, e.g., to calculate lake characteristic annual primary production (in g ww/m²·yr) from measurement data in g C/l·day. We have presented two simple empirical regression equations where GS is estimated from latitude. We have also introduced a more comprehensive model. It is derived from a previously presented well calibrated and validated model predicting lake epilimnetic temperatures from readily available data on latitude, altitude, continentality (distance from the Sea) and lake volume. Operationally, the duration of the growing season (GS in days) is defined from the predicted number of days when epilimentic water temperatures are higher than 9°C. The two modelling approaches are based on different presuppositions and they have been derived and tested from different data-sets. A model comparison has shown that the overall correspondence in predicted GS-values between the methods is very good. Evidently, the more comprehensive model can provide more relevant GS-predictions for many lakes since it also accounts for differences among lakes in altitude, continentality and volume.     

保护性耕作对后茬冬小麦土壤CO2和N2O排放的影响

为研究保护性耕作对后茬冬小麦土壤CO2和N2O排放的影响,在前茬进行常规耕作(T)、免耕(NT)、免耕+秸秆覆盖(NTS)、常规耕作+秸秆施用(TS)这4种处理,采用静态箱-气相色谱法分析土壤CO2和N2O排放通量.结果表明,保护性耕作没有改变后茬土壤CO2和N2O排放的季节性规律,对冬小麦生物量无明显影响;保护性耕作显著减少了土壤CO2和N2O累积排放量.与T相比,TS、NT、NTS的全生育期土壤CO2累积排放量分别降低了5.95%(P=0.132)、12.94%(P=0.007)和13.91%(P=0.004),土壤N2O累积排放量分别减少了31.23%(P=0.000)、61.29%(P=0.000)和33.08%(P=0.000).本研究表明免耕与秸秆施用能减少后茬作物生长季土壤的CO2和N2O排放量.     

北京常见绿化树种叶片富集重金属能力研究

以北京地区常见绿化树种为研究对象,测定叶片和土壤重金属含量,对其季节变化规律和污染程度的相关性进行分析,探究植物叶片对土壤中重金属的富集能力.结果表明:①植物叶片中重金属Cu、Pb、Zn含量随季节变化(由春到冬)呈先下降后升高再下降的变化趋势;Cr含量变化呈先升高后下降的趋势,秋季达最高值;春、夏、秋这3季对Cu富集能力较强的为柳树和国槐,冬季为油松;对Cr、Pb富集能力较强的是国槐和侧柏,冬季为侧柏和白皮松;对Zn富集能力较强的为柳树和白皮松,冬季为侧柏;②由市中心至远郊,4种重金属(Cu、Cr、Pb、Zn)污染程度为:景山(C=2.48,C为污染系数)>奥林(C=1.27)>松山(C=1.20)>水关(C=1.18);③水关长城景区植物叶片中重金属含量变化较大,其它3个研究区域重金属含量排序为:景山>奥林>松山;同一树种叶片对不同重金属富集能力排序均为:Zn>Cu>Pb>Cr,且Zn含量与Cr含量差异极显著(P<0.01);④植物叶片中重金属含量与土壤中相应重金属元素污染程度呈二次多项式关系,除Cu元素外,其余3种重金属元素含量与土壤中重金属污染程度相关性较强,且相关系数均达0.9以上.